Python

Install

Download and install from python.org

Quick Start

Install uv
```
uv init my-project --package
uv sync
```

Basics

Module refers to a .py file.
Package refers to a folder with init.py along with multiple *.py files.
A package can have subpackages (which are subfolders with each having their own init.py file)
Recommended to use absolute imports (imports starting from top level folder/package), instead of relative imports (which is relative to current file)

my_app/
└── src/
    └── my_app/
        ├── __init__.py
        ├── core/
        │   ├── __init__.py
        │   └── engine.py
        ├── utils/
        │   ├── __init__.py
        │   └── math_utils.py
        └── main.py

Example absolute import in main.py:

from my_app.core.engine import Engine
from my_app.utils.math_utils import add

Example absolute import in engine.py

from my_app.utils.math_utils import add

Async

Asynchronous execution using async...await
We cannot use await in top level function. Await can be used only inside an async function.

Use tasks to start multiple coroutines in parallel and gather to wait on them.

import asyncio

async def greet(name, delay):
    await asyncio.sleep(delay)
    print(f"Hello, {name} after {delay} seconds!")

async def main():
    tasks = [
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Alice", 2)),
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Bob", 1)),
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Carol", 3)),
    ]
    await asyncio.gather(*tasks)  # Wait for all tasks to finish

asyncio.run(main())

Or with a timeout:

import asyncio

async def greet(name, delay):
    await asyncio.sleep(delay)
    print(f"Hello, {name} after {delay} seconds!")

async def main():
    tasks = [
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Alice", 2)),
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Bob", 1)),
        asyncio.create_task(greet("Carol", 3)),
    ]

    try:
        await asyncio.wait_for(asyncio.gather(*tasks), timeout=2.5)
    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
        print("Timed out!")
        for t in tasks:
            t.cancel()

asyncio.run(main())

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